Analysis On Past Student Digipaks

Past Student Digipacks

What i like about it is that it caught my attention as soon as my eyes laid on it . I really like the colour combination used as it's really bright and gives me an appreciation of what genre and what type of music the artist is. The colours and font run through all of the digipak and is consistent, there are images of the artist herself so the audience can identify her. I love the theme they used as it's fun, up beat and pop like the music being sold. I love how the student was really creative with his pack and used his imagination and pulled all the stops to make it as effective as possible. The only negative thing I could think of is that the track list might be hard to read for some people as it's red and the colour is colliding with the blue sky behind it, either from that I thought it was a great digi ack one of my favourites.

This digipack was not as great as the other ones that I have seen. I feel like the colour scheme was off the front cover had colour while the rest where just full of purple, I feel it could of been consistent. There is not enough information on the digiipack, There i nothing on the spine of the case, there is no production, copyright and publishing info. I also think the album cover of the artist is not warming or flattering, the artist looks sad which can be off putting for a consumer. 

Importance + Function Of Digipaks In The Music Industry

In my lesson on Monday we had a class discussion on the functions and importance of digipaks. As I have now finished filming my music video it is now time for me to let the audience know about the new artist music so it can  attract fans and a bigger audience.


What's A Digipak?

• A Digipak is a modern approach to cd packaging
• Gives out more information about the artist/band

What's Inside A Digipak?

• Images of artist, Graphic designs, Font designs
• Repeat of track list some may include more information for example length of the song
• Acknowledgement  

What's Outside A Digipak?

• Image of artist and artist name (clear font, easy to read)
• Track listing (same font as artist name or album name)
• Production information
• Record Label
• Web address
• Promotional sticker 
• Bar Code

Advert

• Tour Dates
• Artist and Album Names
• Release date & Record label logo
• Review Quotes from magazines 
• Artist Website
• Visual Style Colour Scheme

Ancillary Products

• Tv Adverts
• Music Magazines
• Gigs
• Social Network e.g Facebook, Twitter, Myspace
• Billboards
• Newspapers

How Are Digipaks Useful To The Music Industry?

• Helps promote the artist
• Build a fan base
• To make money
• Boost sales of CD's in the music industry
• Visual representation (Image of artist is important to the audience)
• Useful for establishing the artist genre

The main features of a digipak are the artist name and name of new album. It should also include the album track list on the back and production information (e.g copyright disclaimer). Ancillary products are important for the artist and the music industry because without them the public would not hear about the new music. In our last media lesson our teacher asked us who paid for music last year and only 4/15 put their hands up. This shoes that not a lot of young people buy music and if they do they download it illegally. With that being said that are still some people who buy and use CD's, these people like to collect CD's, old fashioned people tend to still buy music and some buy music to keep the music industry going. By record company's putting money into producing these advertisement product's they are able to target a wide range of people, and it also helps to persuade more fans to spend money on these product's.

Cinema!!

Just to a reminder that I will be going to the cinema on the 6th of December to watch the premier of my music video. I am really excited as this will be the first time my friends and teacher will see the final draft of my  music video. I can't wait to see everyone's reactions and hear there thought's

I will bringing my camera on the day to take pictures and maybe some video's. I will also do quick interviews with some of the a2 media student's to get some feedback..

summary of class discussion on the function and importance of digipaks to the music industry.

Well, the music video has been made and the next thing is to present the video to the audience, attract new audience and make the audience aware of its release. This leads to the next stage in the production process. The packaging of the physical product.

Digipak is the remarkable alternative to the standard jewel box packaging. Digipaks typically consist of a gatefold (book-style) paperboard or card stock outer binding, with one or more plastic trays capable of holding a CD or DVD attached to the inside. 

The Digipak® is the name for patented card packaging from AGI which uses a moulded plastic tray to hold a CD or DVD. However, as the format became more popular and began to be used by more manufacturers, the generic "digi-pack" came to be used to describe all soft CD packaging. There are a huge range of options, some of which are shown below. 

Types

Basic 4 page Digi-pak

6 page Digi-pak

8 page Digi-pak

Functions of a Digipak

Digipaks help in the promotion of artist to the audience. They give additional information about the artist For example it shows the growth/journey of the artist. It also advertises the brand of the artist. It also houses the physical product i.e. CDs and DVDs.

Why are Digipaks still made and used when CD sales are declining?

It helps music lovers and real fans to have a physical collection of songs. It helps to attract new audience. Digipaks are more sophisticated and last longer than standard jewel box packaging. It helps to combat piracy because as a fan of music, the music is gotten legally and the music industry is giving the audience more for their money in terms of the content of the digipak.

Importance of ancillaries to the music industry.

It promotes the artist, label and brands. It makes the audience to be aware of a new song released by an artist. It attracts new audience.

Summary of class discusion around the importance and function of digipaks to the music industry.

What is the function of a digipak?

It is to promote the artist, and could show growth of the artist as they progress throughout their career. Also to give background information for them. Furthermore to to collect them as it is exclusive. 

Why are digipaks still used despite CD sales dropping?

It is used for combating piracy as it shows you are a true music fan by buying the album rather then downloading it for free illegally. Also it carries extra stuff that you will not obtain by downloading that might interest the purchaser and make it moneys worth. 

How important are the ancillary products (Digipaks, advertisements) to the artist and the industry?

First of all you have to have advertisements to promote the artist or else you would not know if they have a new single out of any news about them. It promotes the artist even more by giving extra information that you would not normally find on downloading sites.

Do's and Dont's for digipak covers/Magazine adverts

Do: 

Clear font

Appropriate sizes for: 1.images, 2. Font

Clear photos that are in focus

Photo's that are an appropriate shape for composition

Layout that follows the rule of thirds for composition

Use appropriate industry logos and conventions, properly positioned: Date, Copyright,Titles,Artist name, Bar code.

Use 3 convention colour rule and use colour that is appropriate for: 1.Images, 2.Font, 3. Background
Appropriate shape for the page

Don't

Do not put font over artist

do not make it random with pictures and fonts put anywhere

Use font simply because you 'like it'

Use layer styles

Do not stretch images, this will make them out of focus

Feel you need a separate photo on every panel - start being creative

Finished!! (Production)

Our music Video Is Finished!!!!!!!!!!!


What are you waiting for watch it NOW!!


It has been a long process has been so much fun working with my group. I really love my video and the best part of it is that I can watch it again and again and not get bored which is great. I hope that everyone will enjoy watching our music video as we really have worked hard to make it the best and to make it fun,edgy and interesting. It really captures your attention and some shot's look like they come from a real music video :D


LINK: http://candipop11group22.blogspot.com/2011/11/music-video.html   ENJOY!!

Skills Development (Production)

Planning

Before we began our filming production we really had to plan hard about what we was going to be filming. We had to think about the story line, locations, props and so on. It was not a big difference from our thriller as both projects we had to make a production schedule, create a story line and story boards. I just felt like this project the planning was really important as it outlines what we have to do.

There where things we planned to do but we ended up not doing to different circumstances but it did not matter as we had back up plans planned just in case things went wrong. We carried notes with us when we went filming so we had a list of things to do. And we followed this list and got everything done.

Editing

This projected we really needed to use our editing skills as editing was used through out or video. Our editing had to reflect the genre as we was doing dub step our cuts had to cut to the beat and it needed me to listen and watch to every second that goes by to make sure everything is running smoothly. The editing I used for this project is different compared to what I done for my thriller video, I had to mark the video to the beat, I had to use different tools like transitions, effects, the razor tool, syncing the clips to the song. One of the biggest difference is that our video did not have to make complete sense, the music video does not have to be linear and each clip does not have to follow one another. The music video is all about the usage of the clips and how we have used them affectedly to entertain the viewer. 

Feedback

I also think that using feedback was really important with this projects. As the feedback we have gotten was a great way for our communications skills between me and the audience. I would want my video to be enjoyed and to impress the viewer what best way to do that then to ask people to give their opinions and thought's. This year I made sure I took on what people was saying. Sometime sit can be hard a syou disagree with some of the things they say but it's great to hear their views and most times I took actions and I responded to their feedback to make my video better. 

A Sequence We Changed As A Result From The Teacher's FeedBack (Production)

After getting feeback from people we then took charge and changed some things.

• Rebecca pointed out to us a shot of Eleni dancing where it only showed her stomach, she pointed out how bent the camera angle was and the position it placed Eleni. Me and Kehinde really liked the shot but we gave it up and cut as her opinion and feedback was more important then our love for the shot.
• We also changed the effect we put on the dancer where they ran away from each other. The dancer's now run into one another as Dan said it did not fit before and it did not make sense.

It is always great to get feedback from teacher's their professional opnions does help and matter tremendously. 

Am i happy with our video?

Its been a great experience working with the group on this music video. I'm really happy with the video the effects, the location, the shots, the people i worked with everything fits well. As a personal evaluation of the music video id say it is good as we worked so hard on it. Even when we were finished we knew we had to go back and check for anything that needs changing. The editing has been great, the music song choice fits perfect with our ideas.

So as you can see i am really happy with our video. Also the fact that we all worked hard together as no one was slacking.

One sequence that we had to change from our feedback.

We have posted many feedback from students and teachers in our blog. One thing that was important from these feedback was the fact that we had to make an improvement and work on the mistakes as Dan gave us some advise. One of them was when Prince and Eleni was running towards each other and then they both make contact. This was in fact before reversed, as we had to make a change as Dan saw it not going well with our music video as it did not really make the video better it was just randomly added because we thought it did. It was pretty random however we changed it and it made more sense. 

Thanks everyone for the feedback was really great and it benefited us in our final piece.

Skills development - (skills i learnt during the editing of my music video.)

I learn t many things during the editing of the music video. One is to take many shots of different locations and how they would affect our type of music. For example the reverse and slow motion affect. This allowed us to show time in the music video being used. By reversing the dancers and Stephanie this gave us that bit of 'extra' abnormal effect about our video. Since it was a dub-step it suited the whole idea of it being able to match the beat. Speaking of matching the beat that is also another skill i learn t as the beat had to match the shots or else it would of looked awkward and would of lacked consistency. 

While making the shots of Stephani singing match the lyrics a lip syncing needed to be perfect. Or else it would of been weird seeing our artist sing at the wrong time. In addition like i mentioned in my previous skills development blog on approaching this year from last year. I mentioned the Echo effect this was one of the many effect i learn t this year to use.

Skills development

This year has been great for media studies in terms of improving on my skills and getting to meet new people and working with them. Last year i was getting along with my group however we did not motivate each other enough to do more then 'good' to do fantastic work. Last year i approached it in a confused manner as i was confused at the start and had to take a lot of time adjusting to the media course. I would leave things late and take forever to do them in the last minute. However this year i have been even more prepared, knowing what to do and having many ideas to say to my group as last year i was just giving one or two ideas. 

Furthermore, to add different effects and see how they work and which one is suitable for certain shots. As last year i hardly got to see all the effects and get to actually try them. I did not even know there was a echo effect! Which we applied to certain parts of our music video which look great. This echo is not a voice echo that repeats its self but in fact a echo for the movement of the body which was fantastic when you look at it.

I got more involved this year and  i was a lot more organized especially in keeping up to deadlines. I am absolutely happy that my group had finished the work in time, and would like to thank everyone that has helped us through this amazing project.

My skills have developed so well but it would not have if it was not for my group.

Thank you for help with the video!!!!

I will just like to say thank you to my lovely, dedicated and approachable teachers that I have in Rebecca and Dan. Thanks for not giving up on us even after watching the video for times. You guys are great!!!

Thank you also to Tony, Mary and Micky who also helped out with our video. Thanks for the comments, technical help and self less support. Your help was needed and valued.

Hi team mates, its been great working with you guys. I hope we are successful in both the coursework and our exams. I enjoyed the work. It was fun. Cheers guys!!!!

Personal Evaluation

As is expected, the final music video has been uploaded and is officially concluded (Phew!!!). I am quite impressed at the group work and the result of all our efforts. I have a good feeling for the video. When  we finished, I sat at the computer and was thinking of what to add because as always there is room for improvement.
However, on the whole I am happy about the work and I hope to get an excellent grade for the coursework at the end of the day (fingers crossed!!!). Glad my group met the deadline and we've finished!!! :)

One sequence that changed as a result of teacher's comment.

After watching my group's music video, students and teachers gave comments, most of which I acted upon especially those offered by teachers.
Rebecca pointed on a shot of one of our dancers where it is only the stomach of the artist that is on the shot. She is also pointed on the bendy position of the shot. I liked it and wanted to keep it but an expert opinion is what matters mostly. To act on her opinion, I substituted the shot for a better one and I think it makes much more sense.
Also, Tony commented on a shot of the dancers because it was a bit not fitting and was not consistent with previous shots of the dancers. Again, professional opinion carries more weight so we changed the shot with a better shot which again makes more sense.

Skills Development

While evaluating my coursework for last year which is the making of a music video, I commented on how if I had another opportunity, I will make more use of editing in my coursework. As a result, I have paid special attention in my music video to make good use of editing to add a bit "something something" to my music video. I can definitely say my use of editing in my music video is way better that the one used in my thriller opening.


Firstly, seeing that lip synching has a primary importance for any music video, It is definitely worth every time spent on it. I learnt how to lip synch while making the music video and I can confidently say I have developed that skill.

Also, I have learnt how to apply video effects and transition to specific genre and video shots. For example, in my music video, some shots of the artist needs a bit of layer and life. So I added an effect called "echo" which basically gives an echo to the artist's movement. This made a whole lot of difference to the appearance of the video.

MUSIC VIDEO

Genre Fitting

IS IT FITTING?

I was so adamant on using certain transitions in the music video because I thought they were okay. However, after lots of debate and thoughts, I found out that certain effects are suitable for specific genre of music. Apparently, "page peel" is not really fitting for a dubstep song but fits some songs with a "happy, jumpy, bubbly" genre.
So i intend to search for effects that fits dubstep while editing.

We are nearly done

We are nearly done with our music video so you dont need to wait any longer! However it has been a long day and i hope you all enjoy our video. Im glad we dont need to see 'Rendering' again as it was annoying. 

SAFETY PRECAUTION!!!! CHECK

We were very aware of the height of this shot and we had health and safety issues in mind.We took extra care and planned this before. 

From the shots above (the middle shot) Kehinde can be seen behing Stephanie. This is because through out the making of this shot, Kehinde was behind Stephanie (bending down so as not to appear in the shot) holding her to prevent her from moving forward or falling.

Evaluation from tony

Feedback 5

Feedback 4

Looking at different effects.

Feedback 3 Mary

Feedback 2: VISITOR TO THE COLLEGE.

Feedback 1 from Dan.

Editing: Teacher's Feedback

• In our video there is a clip of our artist in a vary high place and it really caught the eye of one of teacher's Rebecca while she watched our rough cut, she thought that this was a very dangerous thing. And think's it is an health and safety risk. We ensured her that Stephanie was safe and that it would not be used more then a second in the music video. We our however worried that this might loose us marks if so we would cut it from the video.
• Dan gave us his feeback on the rough cut and he said that he did not like the part where the dancer's ran away from each other. He explained how it did not make sense and how  they should be running towards each other. We really thought it was more effective having them run away from each other to show how they are separating from one another and it was also another disjuncture. We don't know what we will do about this part we will have it at the back of our heads and we might change it later if we think it will make our video better. 

We also got more feeback from student's and teacher that you will be able to preview in a minute when we post video's =] 

Editing Night Vs Day (Production)

Ok so while in the editing process we came to a stop as some of the group thought that some of the dancing scenes where too dark to be used in our video. I had to disagree with them because I really wanted the clips of me and the dancer free styling to be in the video as I thought with a few editing here and there it would be really effective. They did not want to get marked down but I had to explain that they where not so dark that we could not see the dancer's because we could. 


We asked the teacher for their advice and they said well if we don't want to cut them out we should move them away from the day clips. Some clips where filmed in the day and some at night so what we should do is make sure all the night clips are next to another and the day clips are next each other so there is a contrast. That was perfect because the middle of the video we have night shot's so we put the freestyle dancing in the middle from day to night.

Editing Update (Production)

We are now editing for the final video and let me tell you this is such a long process. The most annoying thing is having to render the video, we did not have to render this much for our thriller in AS. I think it was because of all the effects we was adding to the clips but we will just have to be patient because all this waiting will pay of when we make a great video.


We also realised that sometimes when we cut the clips we did not cut them accurately. For example when you see the artist start to lip sync the next lyric it is then cut of by the next clip, we did not even see that error until our teacher Rebecca drew it to our attention while watching our rough cut and she said we had to be careful with little errors like that. Thank god it was our rough cut imagine if it was our final video, it is now fixed and the error is gone.


We have now editing the video with more effect's, adding effects really makes a big difference in how the video looks and the viewer's reaction. Some of the chosen effect's did not go well with some of the group member's but nothing that we could not  sort out,

Overview: How I Planned This Production Differently From My AS Production Work (Production)

From the vary start of this course our teacher said to us don't treat this project like your making a thriller. From that moment we knew that we would have to plan this out differently compared to our thriller's. The first thing when we was thinking of idea's for our video, at first we was all making narratives and it was going down the wrong route and not the music video route. When deciding on locations we had to really think hard because in the thriller opening that I done last year most of it was filmed in ONE room so you can imagine the difference from that to what we had to do this time around. Most music video's have different set's, different locations night day and many more so we had to make sure ours had the same. 


My thriller was filmed in one day so for our music video we made sure we gave ourselves a long period of time to shoot. As half term was coming up we decided to film then given ourselves one week of filming made sure we had along period of time t film because we needed to travel from one location to another and sometimes one part of London to another so we could not do all of that in one day. For the planning we also had crate a letter asking for copyright clearance of the song we wa sgoing to use we did not have to do that in AS. 

Throw Back: Looking For Locations

Heyyy Just wanted to take some time off and take a step back and look at us when we was planning for our music video. Here are some pictures I found of us when we was searching for locations 

As you can see thing's got a little bit heated near the end but don't worry everything got sorted out at the end and nobody got hurt from the chair =]

Making of music video: Editing updates

Another day of editing! Today it was just me and Kehinde editing today. Really today we just wanted to experiment with effects and such really. We want the whole video to have a glow to it so I wanted to experiment with the 'Glow' bar in Final Cut Pro. Some effects looked cheap and distasteful, but some looked quite good. On Thursday I reckon we should do the final effects on all the whole video. We also changed some of the dance moves, playing with the speed and such. However, I had the idea of doing the whole dance routines in reverse, but Rebecca complained that Eleni's hair was too much of a distraction, as the reverse made it look rather bizarre. We undid it and left it to how it was. There is one scene in there that I absolutely hate but for some reason the others want to keep it in there, despite the negatives reviews from fellow peers and teachers. We shall see what happens on Thursday!

Until then!

Stephanie

Props and the video

The particular prop that I want to comment on is The artist's make up. It worked really well with the music and fits the profile of the artist. I did not give much attention to this while filming but it is all coming to light now while editing. 
The contrast between white costume, daylight and black costume and nighttime is quite astonishing. What I really like most was how the water fountain behind the artist in one of the scenes looked like angel wings and matched the white costume won by our artist.

Evaluation of Rough Cut

On the whole, I am quite impressed with the music video. We did some good shots which has helped the video quality of the music video. The editing however I think needs a lot of work. The artists lipsynching needs a bit of work and some editing effects needs to be added. Some shots needs to be changed.
But all things to be progressing well.

editing: update

Right now, We are just trying out a couple of effects to see how they will work on our video. Afterall, a good editing makes a whole lot of difference to a video. As usual in any good relationship, there has been divided thoughts on certain effects but I'm sure we will get there.

editing: update

I went to workshop and a teacher (not one of my teachers) commented on our rough cut. He noted on how we could improve on shots of the dancers. He also mentioned about making the video about quality rather than quantity. I took his comments on board and was happy to follow them through. In fact some were echoing the comments my teachers had made. Which means those things really need to be worked on and I have started working on them.

editing: update

While cutting the shots, it was not really accurate which meant that the lip synching suffered a bit. I mean sometimes, the artist starts mouthing another line before the next shot comes. I actually did not notice how messy this was until Rebecca drew my attention to it while she was commenting on the rough cut. It was indeed a “ROUGH CUT”. Nonetheless, it has been worked on the shots are a lot better now. YAY!!!!

editing: update

I now agree and can relate to the adage “Patience is a virtue”. Editing can tire one (especially with the annoying “rendering”) but I have learnt how to be patient when editing so as make an excellent video out of all the hard work and produce the best music video for this year (I mean it).

editing: update

We took some shots during filming. Some I really loved and was really looking forward to using them in the music video. Unfortunately certain expectations were dashed as a result of how useless some of the shots became once the editing process started. A typical one was where we intended to let the artist stand still, while people passed by. Stephanie stood for almost 10 minutes and the shot appeared to be successful. As the editing process started, we found that the shot was too dark and completely useless!!! What a shame!!! Anyway, on the whole we got good shots so all is well!!!

editing: update

It’s no news that we are experiencing shorter days and longer nights now, which results in nights coming quickly. While filming (the first day), we started filming while it was bright (morning) and went on into the afternoon which looked like evening as it was already getting dark. This made lots of the dance routine shots to be useless seeing they are a bit dark and cause a sharp contrast in the sequence of the video. However, we have decided to arrange the order of shots in a morning, evening (afternoon), and night order. This means there will not be irregularities in terms of the lighting in the videos. There will be an orderly sequence of natural lighting and artificial lighting.

editing: update

While filming, an idea popped into our minds to film from a high place that technically breaks health and safety rules.  The position was high and apparently was dangerous. I was so amazed at how Rebecca and Dan spotted it immediately. I am most concerned about if such technicality will lose us marks. If so I will remove the shot with  immediate effect.

editing: update

Well I gotta say some people are just extremely crazy about certain effects. A group member of mine (I am mentioning no name. Well the person is probably laughing now.) never lets any dance move/step go without persuading us to put it in backwards or reverse, slow motion or fast motion. But it has almost always turned out to be excellent stuff. Tough to argue with such amazing results.

editing: update

Is it just me or is there anyone out there who is also as frustrated as I am with “Rendering”. That annoying red line just pops on top of the worksheet, hindering my work each time I add an effect or do some other technical stuff. Then it takes like ages for it to render. Anyway, editing is underway and coming to an end.

Making of music video: Editing updates

Mickey showed us how to do the 'letter box effect', which is basically putting two different clips in one shot. It did look quite cool, but not for our vid. I just don't think it really fitted with our video. It looked a little random, and also I hate the black background behind it. Also, Kehinde wanted to put some video transitions such as slides, wipes and a cube effect, but I just don't like it, it looks more like a powerpoint presentation to me.



Until then!

Stephanie

Making of music video: Editing updates

So we had a full house today, me Kehinde, Prince and Medhi. In our afternoon media lesson we decided to fix up the glitches in our video, such as the lagging in when I speak - eg instead of me finishing the verse before I move on to the next clip, you see me forming the next verse with my mouth before it changes, which made it look a little messy so we fixed that up. Also, some of the dance scenes were dark compared to the bright performance and other dance scenes, and it just looked quite amateurish compared to everything else so we took it out. me personally I would LOVE to just remove it all but Prince is very stubborn! I'll see what I can do...

Until then!

Stephanie

Teacher feedback

Rather a lot of empty blog posts on this blog at the moment....make sure you fill them up before the deadline.

Making of music video: Audience feedback

I have shown a few people and asked their opinion of our video. Here are a few phrases.

Hannah (Friend) - 'It's really good. I like the variety of camera shots that you've used. Well done!'


Tony (Teacher) - 'It's quite good, you've done a good job. The mise en scene is fantastic you chose the costume really well'


Rebecca (Teacher) - 'Good job guys, there are few things to work out but it's looking great'

Overall, the reception we got was positive. Our teachers were slightly more critical, but it was constructive criticism, and we will take that they say on bored and rectify any issues.

Until then!

Stephanie

Making of music video: My thoughts on the rough cut

Overall I think the rough cut went quite well, there are a few glitches and it i a little rusty around the edges, but its nothing me and my team can't fix with a lot of determination and willingness to give up our free time. The start of it I think is quite good but the ending needs abit of work, and some shots are best not used, such as the dark lighting in freestyling and some wonky shots. Overall, the teachers reception of my performance as pretty good and they loved my costume, make up and the mise en scene (YES!). We will continue to edit and perfect our video, making it look amazing. If Chris Brown can create his video Look At Me Now with Final Cut Pro, and make it look professional then so can we!

Until then!

Stephanie

Was the Nero song Guilt a right choice?

It was completely the worst choice ever! No only joking, i do not have any regrets choosing this song as the timing of the beat with the dancers is fantastic. It really suits our ideas as well, not forgetting the fact that there is enough lip syncing, enough duration of the song, and enough time for the dancers to match the beat. Our video also is completely different to the actual video which is also something positive. So there you have it really is a great decision we made as the other songs such as, Nero 'Innocence' did not match our ideas of how our music video should be.